The structural contribution of polypropylene fibres in cementitious materials becomes most evident after cracking, when fibres bridge the developing fracture and sustain load beyond the capacity of the plain matrix. This response cannot be assessed reliably from peak strength alone. Its interpretation is also sensitive to the displacement measurement used in small notched-beam tests, because the movement recorded by the testing machine includes deformation of the load frame, fixtures and contacts as well as deformation of the specimen. In parallel, mechanical performance, fracture behaviour and environmental impact are commonly examined as separate questions, while many available constitutive formulations and design provisions were developed primarily from steel-fibre systems. This thesis addresses these limitations through an integrated experimental and analytical study of polypropylene fibre-reinforced mortar and concrete, combining displacement correction, structural assessment, environmental evaluation, fracture kinematics and inverse identification of the post-cracking constitutive response. The experimental programme comprised four complementary case studies, with three replicates for each experimental group. The first two used 40 × 40 × 160 mm notched mortar prisms tested in small-scale three-point bending with CMOD control. One study compared several fibre types and geometries at a common volume fraction in two mortar matrices; the other examined the combined influence of polypropylene fibre length and volume fraction. Plain specimens were used as controls, while glass and steel fibres provided reference responses in the fibre-comparison study. The remaining case studies used 150 × 150 × 150 mm concrete cubes. Conventional splitting-tensile tests characterised matrix-dominated tensile behaviour, whereas a bonded-bar splitting configuration introduced embedded reinforcing bars to produce a bond-sensitive load path. Two-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) was applied throughout the programme to measure displacement fields and to define virtual gauges for beam deflection, crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). The optical measurements were first used to develop the Optical Deflection-Derived Compliance (ODDC) method. By comparing the machine displacement with the DIC deflection of a reference beam in the proportional range, the method identified the elastic compliance of the complete testing-system load path. The corresponding machine contribution was then removed consistently from the notched-beam force-displacement records. This distinction was important for the small, relatively stiff mortar beams, for which raw crosshead movement did not represent specimen deformation. It provided corrected curves for the evaluation of stiffness, flexural strength, residual response, toughness and fracture energy. For the much stiffer concrete cubes, the expected machine-compliance contribution was smaller than the relevant optical resolution; DIC was therefore used to verify the machine record rather than to impose the beam correction on a different test configuration. Structural results were evaluated together with non-parametric statistics and a cradle-to-gate life-cycle assessment in which global warming potential was the principal environmental indicator. The experiments showed that polypropylene fibres were most effective in controlling post-cracking behaviour rather than increasing the initial peak strength. In the fibre-comparison beam series, at a common fibre volume fraction of 1.0%, they produced large gains in energy absorption while increasing cradle-to-gate global warming potential by less than 5% relative to the corresponding plain matrices. Fibre length, volume fraction and matrix composition interacted non-linearly: the configuration favouring flexural strength was not the same as that maximising post-cracking energy, and increasing the volume fraction did not produce a proportional benefit throughout the tested range. The cube tests also demonstrated that fibre performance depends on the imposed load path. Single-fibre systems were generally more effective than hybrid systems in conventional splitting, whereas the bonded-bar configuration amplified the contribution of fibre anchorage; its best-performing fibre system increased mean bond stress by approximately 18% relative to the control. Several materials consequently changed position when the conventional and bond-sensitive results were ranked, showing that a fibre selected for matrix splitting is not necessarily the best choice for an application governed by reinforcement-to-concrete interaction. The environmental sensitivity analysis further showed that the influence of the cement emission factor exceeded that of fibre and superplasticiser emission factors by more than an order of magnitude. DIC also provided the connection between the global force response and the local fracture mechanism. Across the 40 notched-beam responses included in the kinematic analysis, the mean coefficients of determination for the deflection-CMOD and CMOD-CTOD relationships were 0.9983 and 0.9970, respectively; 39 responses exceeded 0.99, while one identifiable secondary-cracking event departed from the common trend. The measured kinematics were therefore strongly consistent with the rigid-hinge idealisation for the investigated beams, while also showing why that assumption should be checked for each response rather than imposed automatically. The optical crack openings supported the calculation and interpretation of fracture indices associated with EN 14651, RILEM TC 162-TDF and UNI 11039-2. They also supplied the experimental input to a hinge-based inverse analysis, through which five-parameter trilinear cohesive stress-crack opening (σ-w) relationships were identified for the majority of the beam responses. Comparison within a common forward model showed that generic stress-crack opening formulations associated with European code practice did not always reproduce the measured polypropylene response. The discrepancy was linked principally to the shape and calibration of constitutive templates developed for different fibre mechanisms, indicating the need for material- and response-specific identification when polypropylene fibres govern post-cracking behaviour. The results demonstrate that polypropylene fibre-reinforced cementitious materials should be selected using the required post-cracking and bond response, not through peak strength or fibre type alone. The main contribution of the thesis is an experimentally consistent methodology that links reliable displacement measurement to mechanical performance, environmental consequences, fracture kinematics and inverse identification of the post-cracking constitutive response. It also demonstrates that the test configuration governs the relative performance ranking of fibre systems and that environmental comparisons must account for the dominant influence of the matrix. The findings provide a basis for performance-oriented material selection and for the subsequent use of experimentally identified stress-crack opening relationships in numerical models. The findings are limited to the investigated mixtures, fibre geometries, reduced-scale specimen configuration and quasi-static laboratory conditions; the environmental assessment refers specifically to cradle-to-gate global warming potential.
Il contributo strutturale delle fibre di polipropilene nei materiali cementizi si manifesta soprattutto dopo la fessurazione, quando le fibre attraversano la frattura in formazione e consentono di mantenere una capacità resistente oltre il limite della matrice non fibrorinforzata. Tale comportamento non può essere valutato in modo adeguato attraverso la sola resistenza di picco. Nelle prove su piccoli elementi intagliati, l’interpretazione dipende inoltre dalla misura di spostamento utilizzata, poiché il movimento registrato dalla macchina comprende la deformazione del telaio di carico, delle attrezzature e dei contatti, oltre a quella effettiva del provino. Allo stesso tempo, prestazione meccanica, comportamento a frattura e impatto ambientale vengono spesso studiati separatamente, mentre numerosi modelli costitutivi e riferimenti normativi disponibili derivano principalmente da sistemi con fibre di acciaio. La tesi affronta congiuntamente questi aspetti mediante uno studio sperimentale e analitico di malte e calcestruzzi rinforzati con fibre di polipropilene, integrando la correzione degli spostamenti, la valutazione strutturale e ambientale, la cinematica della frattura e l’identificazione inversa della risposta post-fessurativa. Il programma sperimentale comprende quattro casi studio complementari, con tre repliche per ogni gruppo sperimentale. I primi due hanno utilizzato prismi di malta intagliati di dimensioni 40 × 40 × 160 mm, sottoposti a flessione a tre punti su scala ridotta con controllo basato sul CMOD. Il primo studio ha confrontato diversi tipi e geometrie di fibre, a pari frazione volumetrica, in due matrici di malta; il secondo ha esaminato l’effetto combinato della lunghezza e della frazione volumetrica delle fibre di polipropilene. Provini privi di fibre sono stati utilizzati come controllo, mentre fibre di vetro e di acciaio hanno fornito risposte di riferimento nello studio comparativo. Gli altri due casi studio hanno impiegato cubi di calcestruzzo di dimensioni 150 × 150 × 150 mm. La prova convenzionale di trazione indiretta per spacco ha caratterizzato il comportamento a trazione governato dalla matrice, mentre una configurazione di splitting con barre aderenti ha introdotto barre di armatura annegate per generare un percorso di carico sensibile all’aderenza. La correlazione digitale bidimensionale delle immagini (DIC) è stata applicata all’intero programma per misurare i campi di spostamento e definire estensimetri virtuali per la freccia della trave, l’apertura della bocca della fessura (CMOD) e l’apertura all’apice della fessura (CTOD). Le misure ottiche sono state inizialmente impiegate per sviluppare il metodo Optical Deflection-Derived Compliance (ODDC). Confrontando, nel campo proporzionale, lo spostamento della macchina con la freccia DIC di una trave di riferimento, il metodo ha permesso di identificare la cedevolezza elastica dell’intero percorso di carico del sistema di prova. Il contributo della macchina è stato quindi sottratto in modo uniforme dalle registrazioni forza-spostamento delle prove sulle travi intagliate. Questa distinzione è risultata essenziale per le travi di malta, piccole e relativamente rigide, nelle quali lo spostamento grezzo della traversa non coincideva con la deformazione del provino. Sono state così ottenute curve corrette per valutare rigidezza, resistenza flessionale, risposta residua, tenacità ed energia di frattura. Per i cubi di calcestruzzo, molto più rigidi, il contributo atteso della cedevolezza della macchina era inferiore alla risoluzione ottica pertinente; la DIC è stata pertanto utilizzata per verificare la registrazione della macchina, senza trasferire impropriamente la correzione sviluppata per le travi a una diversa configurazione di prova. I risultati strutturali sono stati esaminati mediante metodi statistici non parametrici e insieme a una valutazione del ciclo di vita dalla culla al cancello, nella quale il potenziale di riscaldamento globale ha costituito il principale indicatore ambientale. Le prove hanno mostrato che le fibre di polipropilene agiscono soprattutto sul controllo della risposta post-fessurativa, più che sull’incremento della resistenza iniziale di picco. Nella serie comparativa delle travi, a una frazione volumetrica comune dell’1,0%, esse hanno prodotto rilevanti aumenti della capacità di assorbimento di energia con un incremento del potenziale di riscaldamento globale inferiore al 5% rispetto alle corrispondenti matrici non fibrorinforzate. Lunghezza delle fibre, frazione volumetrica e composizione della matrice hanno mostrato un’interazione non lineare: la configurazione più favorevole alla resistenza flessionale non coincideva con quella che massimizzava l’energia post-fessurativa e l’aumento della frazione volumetrica non determinava un beneficio proporzionale nell’intero intervallo esaminato. Le prove sui cubi hanno inoltre dimostrato la dipendenza della prestazione dal percorso di carico. I sistemi con una sola famiglia di fibre sono risultati generalmente più efficaci dei sistemi ibridi nella prova di trazione indiretta, mentre la configurazione con barre aderenti ha amplificato il contributo dell’ancoraggio delle fibre; il sistema più efficace ha incrementato la tensione media di aderenza di circa il 18% rispetto al controllo. Di conseguenza, diversi materiali hanno cambiato posizione nella graduatoria passando dalla prova convenzionale a quella sensibile all’aderenza. Ciò dimostra che una fibra selezionata per contrastare la fessurazione della matrice non rappresenta necessariamente la soluzione migliore quando la risposta è governata dall’interazione tra armatura e calcestruzzo. L’analisi di sensibilità ambientale ha infine evidenziato che l’influenza del fattore di emissione del cemento superava di oltre un ordine di grandezza quella dei fattori di emissione delle fibre e del superfluidificante. La DIC ha inoltre collegato la risposta globale forza-spostamento al meccanismo locale di frattura. Per le 40 risposte delle travi intagliate incluse nell’analisi cinematica, i coefficienti medi di determinazione delle relazioni freccia-CMOD e CMOD-CTOD sono risultati rispettivamente pari a 0,9983 e 0,9970; 39 risposte hanno superato 0,99, mentre un evento riconoscibile di fessurazione secondaria si è discostato dall’andamento comune. La cinematica misurata è risultata quindi fortemente coerente con l’idealizzazione a cerniera rigida per le travi esaminate, mostrando al contempo la necessità di verificarne l’applicabilità per ciascuna risposta. Le aperture di fessura misurate otticamente hanno sostenuto il calcolo e l’interpretazione degli indici di frattura associati alla EN 14651, alla RILEM TC 162-TDF e alla UNI 11039-2. Le stesse misure hanno fornito i dati sperimentali per un’analisi inversa basata sul modello a cerniera, mediante la quale sono stati identificati legami coesivi trilineari tensione-apertura di fessura (σ-w), definiti da cinque parametri, per la maggior parte delle risposte delle travi. Il confronto all’interno di un unico modello diretto ha mostrato che le formulazioni generali tensione-apertura di fessura associate alla pratica normativa europea non riproducevano sempre la risposta misurata dei sistemi con polipropilene. Gli scostamenti sono stati ricondotti principalmente alla forma e alla calibrazione di modelli costitutivi sviluppati per differenti meccanismi di rinforzo, evidenziando la necessità di un’identificazione specifica per il materiale e per la risposta quando le fibre di polipropilene governano il comportamento post-fessurativo. I risultati dimostrano che la selezione dei materiali cementizi rinforzati con fibre di polipropilene deve essere basata sulla risposta post-fessurativa e di aderenza richiesta, e non soltanto sulla resistenza di picco o sul tipo di fibra. Il principale contributo della tesi consiste in una metodologia sperimentalmente coerente che collega una misura affidabile degli spostamenti alla prestazione meccanica, alle conseguenze ambientali, alla cinematica della frattura e all’identificazione inversa della risposta costitutiva post-fessurativa. Lo studio dimostra inoltre che la configurazione di prova governa la graduatoria relativa delle prestazioni dei sistemi fibrorinforzati e che il confronto ambientale deve considerare l’influenza dominante della matrice. I risultati forniscono una base per una selezione dei materiali orientata alla prestazione e per il successivo impiego nei modelli numerici dei legami tensione-apertura di fessura identificati sperimentalmente. I risultati sono riferiti alle miscele, alle geometrie delle fibre, alla configurazione dei provini su scala ridotta e alle condizioni quasi-statiche di laboratorio esaminate; la valutazione ambientale riguarda specificamente il potenziale di riscaldamento globale dalla culla al cancello.
Characterization and Mechanical Performance of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete and Mortar Systems / Al Agha, W.. - (2026 Jul 30).
Characterization and Mechanical Performance of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete and Mortar Systems
AL AGHA, WESAM
2026-07-30
Abstract
The structural contribution of polypropylene fibres in cementitious materials becomes most evident after cracking, when fibres bridge the developing fracture and sustain load beyond the capacity of the plain matrix. This response cannot be assessed reliably from peak strength alone. Its interpretation is also sensitive to the displacement measurement used in small notched-beam tests, because the movement recorded by the testing machine includes deformation of the load frame, fixtures and contacts as well as deformation of the specimen. In parallel, mechanical performance, fracture behaviour and environmental impact are commonly examined as separate questions, while many available constitutive formulations and design provisions were developed primarily from steel-fibre systems. This thesis addresses these limitations through an integrated experimental and analytical study of polypropylene fibre-reinforced mortar and concrete, combining displacement correction, structural assessment, environmental evaluation, fracture kinematics and inverse identification of the post-cracking constitutive response. The experimental programme comprised four complementary case studies, with three replicates for each experimental group. The first two used 40 × 40 × 160 mm notched mortar prisms tested in small-scale three-point bending with CMOD control. One study compared several fibre types and geometries at a common volume fraction in two mortar matrices; the other examined the combined influence of polypropylene fibre length and volume fraction. Plain specimens were used as controls, while glass and steel fibres provided reference responses in the fibre-comparison study. The remaining case studies used 150 × 150 × 150 mm concrete cubes. Conventional splitting-tensile tests characterised matrix-dominated tensile behaviour, whereas a bonded-bar splitting configuration introduced embedded reinforcing bars to produce a bond-sensitive load path. Two-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) was applied throughout the programme to measure displacement fields and to define virtual gauges for beam deflection, crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). The optical measurements were first used to develop the Optical Deflection-Derived Compliance (ODDC) method. By comparing the machine displacement with the DIC deflection of a reference beam in the proportional range, the method identified the elastic compliance of the complete testing-system load path. The corresponding machine contribution was then removed consistently from the notched-beam force-displacement records. This distinction was important for the small, relatively stiff mortar beams, for which raw crosshead movement did not represent specimen deformation. It provided corrected curves for the evaluation of stiffness, flexural strength, residual response, toughness and fracture energy. For the much stiffer concrete cubes, the expected machine-compliance contribution was smaller than the relevant optical resolution; DIC was therefore used to verify the machine record rather than to impose the beam correction on a different test configuration. Structural results were evaluated together with non-parametric statistics and a cradle-to-gate life-cycle assessment in which global warming potential was the principal environmental indicator. The experiments showed that polypropylene fibres were most effective in controlling post-cracking behaviour rather than increasing the initial peak strength. In the fibre-comparison beam series, at a common fibre volume fraction of 1.0%, they produced large gains in energy absorption while increasing cradle-to-gate global warming potential by less than 5% relative to the corresponding plain matrices. Fibre length, volume fraction and matrix composition interacted non-linearly: the configuration favouring flexural strength was not the same as that maximising post-cracking energy, and increasing the volume fraction did not produce a proportional benefit throughout the tested range. The cube tests also demonstrated that fibre performance depends on the imposed load path. Single-fibre systems were generally more effective than hybrid systems in conventional splitting, whereas the bonded-bar configuration amplified the contribution of fibre anchorage; its best-performing fibre system increased mean bond stress by approximately 18% relative to the control. Several materials consequently changed position when the conventional and bond-sensitive results were ranked, showing that a fibre selected for matrix splitting is not necessarily the best choice for an application governed by reinforcement-to-concrete interaction. The environmental sensitivity analysis further showed that the influence of the cement emission factor exceeded that of fibre and superplasticiser emission factors by more than an order of magnitude. DIC also provided the connection between the global force response and the local fracture mechanism. Across the 40 notched-beam responses included in the kinematic analysis, the mean coefficients of determination for the deflection-CMOD and CMOD-CTOD relationships were 0.9983 and 0.9970, respectively; 39 responses exceeded 0.99, while one identifiable secondary-cracking event departed from the common trend. The measured kinematics were therefore strongly consistent with the rigid-hinge idealisation for the investigated beams, while also showing why that assumption should be checked for each response rather than imposed automatically. The optical crack openings supported the calculation and interpretation of fracture indices associated with EN 14651, RILEM TC 162-TDF and UNI 11039-2. They also supplied the experimental input to a hinge-based inverse analysis, through which five-parameter trilinear cohesive stress-crack opening (σ-w) relationships were identified for the majority of the beam responses. Comparison within a common forward model showed that generic stress-crack opening formulations associated with European code practice did not always reproduce the measured polypropylene response. The discrepancy was linked principally to the shape and calibration of constitutive templates developed for different fibre mechanisms, indicating the need for material- and response-specific identification when polypropylene fibres govern post-cracking behaviour. The results demonstrate that polypropylene fibre-reinforced cementitious materials should be selected using the required post-cracking and bond response, not through peak strength or fibre type alone. The main contribution of the thesis is an experimentally consistent methodology that links reliable displacement measurement to mechanical performance, environmental consequences, fracture kinematics and inverse identification of the post-cracking constitutive response. It also demonstrates that the test configuration governs the relative performance ranking of fibre systems and that environmental comparisons must account for the dominant influence of the matrix. The findings provide a basis for performance-oriented material selection and for the subsequent use of experimentally identified stress-crack opening relationships in numerical models. The findings are limited to the investigated mixtures, fibre geometries, reduced-scale specimen configuration and quasi-static laboratory conditions; the environmental assessment refers specifically to cradle-to-gate global warming potential.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


