Although the urban landscapes of the world are undeniably dotted with windows, in contemporary design practice this architectural element has progressively lost its compositional centrality, often reduced to choices dictated by minimum regulatory requirements, the energy performance of the frame, and the offerings of industrial manufacturers, or else to formal solutions lacking an explicit compositional foundation. In an age of undifferentiated transparency, the window – traditional or otherwise, the void in the wall, the mediation of the threshold between inside and outside – appears as a residual element of another architectural season, superseded in the name of lightness and constructive efficiency, despite constituting, among all architectural elements, the one that concentrates within itself the greatest compositional complexity. It is no coincidence that several generations of architects – and engineers – have shown a certain reticence in addressing the theme of the window, a complexity of which they were well aware, to the point of reducing its use in an attempt to avoid it altogether. This reticence is consistent with the very nature of the element: the window introduces a discontinuity in form, and for this very reason demands conscious compositional control. Aided also by the technological evolution of construction systems and glass, most contemporary architects therefore tend to avoid both designing and naming the window within their own architectural language. And yet, whenever an architect throughout history – particularly during the twentieth century – has sought to affirm a theoretical position, they have turned to the window: condensing within itself the problems of architecture, it lends itself readily to becoming a terrain of ideological confrontation, a manifesto of a conception of space, a visible synthesis of an entire compositional system. In this sense, the history of the window coincides with the history of architecture; and its nature as an interface, as a connection between man and world – real and unreal – has allowed it to establish itself as a theme in other artistic fields as well: in literature, from Petrarch to Rilke by way of Leopardi; in painting, from Antonello da Messina to Matisse and Magritte. In these various declinations, the window's capacity to manifest itself as an interpreter of man's cultural landscape recurs as well, a representation of his adaptation to the landscape he inhabits and a reflection of his social and spiritual system. Recovering the window as a critical theme thus means not so much reacting polemically to this "loss", as reconstructing its history and compositional grammar. This research originates from this observation and from a twofold conviction: that the window deserves to be placed at the centre of a systematic and rigorous investigation, and that studying it does not mean addressing a minor or accessory topic, but confronting a fundamental problem of the discipline. Studying the window necessarily entails studying the architectural question in its entirety: the dialectic between interior and exterior, the management of light as the primary matter of architecture, the relationship between space and landscape, the meaning of dwelling. It is a matter of studying the particular that contains the general within itself. Taking the window as a starting point for reflecting on space and architecture means considering the way in which architecture constructs a relationship with the external world, and recognising that, beyond possessing its own space, the window also requires the spatial conditions from which it is itself perceived. The lens through which this research observes the window is phenomenological- compositional in nature: the aim is not to catalogue its typologies nor to trace its history in a strictly chronological sense, but to investigate the visual, spatial and symbolic interactions it generates in the relationship between interior and exterior, between man and the world that surrounds him. From this perspective, the window presents itself as a frame that selects and isolates the landscape on an aesthetic level, as a place that hosts and transforms the inhabitant's experience, as a threshold that regulates the degree of interiority and exteriority of a space. These categories are not arranged in sequence: they coexist, overlap and at times contradict one another, and it is precisely in this tension that the compositional complexity of the element resides. The thesis is organised into three progressive logical stages, followed by an apologetic conclusion: a cognitive path in which each phase logically prepares the next. The first stage, Identifying, establishes the coordinates of the problem, investigating the functional complexity of the window and its etymological and landscape-related roots across different cultures. The second, Interpreting, constitutes the phenomenological core of the research and investigates its main compositional modes – the window as frame, as place, as absence –, verified through emblematic design examples from antiquity to the present day. The third, Composing, synthesises the results into compositional principles verified in the relationship between windows and space, developed around the window as narrative episode, the relationship between viewpoint and framing, and the capacity of the window to calibrate the sense of interiority and exteriority. The conclusion, entrusted first and foremost to an emblematic case from Portuguese architecture, verifies the validity of the categories proposed without a priori opposing the different architectural languages; the final apology, defending the window from its disappearance or trivialisation in contemporary practice, closes the research by revealing the complexity concealed behind the apparent simplicity of this element. The research is completed by the customary scholarly apparatus: the bibliography, the sitography and unpublished interviews with international architects, including Cecilia Puga (Ferrara, 21 November 2024) and Eduardo Souto de Moura (Porto, 23 January 2026). The results of the research do not aim to produce design recipes or closed methodologies, but to construct an open interpretive framework, capable of orienting critical thought without rigidifying it into pre-established systems: a critical device that allows the window to be recognised, read and interpreted in its compositional complexity, leaving room for personal interpretations and future inventions. The ultimate aim of this research is to restore to the window the compositional centrality that belongs to it, showing how this element condenses the essential problems of architecture: the way a space opens onto the world, the way light shapes an environment, the way man perceives himself as being, at the same time, inside and outside with respect to the real or imagined world. The window is never merely an element of the wall: it is the point at which building becomes dwelling.
Sebbene il panorama degli spazi urbani del mondo sia costellato da finestre, nella prassi progettuale contemporanea questo elemento architettonico ha progressivamente perso centralità compositiva, spesso ricondotto a scelte determinate dal minimo normativo, dalla performance energetica dell'infisso e dall'offerta dei produttori industriali, oppure a soluzioni formali prive di un fondamento compositivo esplicito. Nell'epoca della trasparenza indifferenziata, la finestra – tradizionale e non, il vuoto nel muro, la mediazione del confine tra interno ed esterno – appare un elemento residuale di un'altra stagione dell'architettura, superato in nome della leggerezza e dell'efficienza costruttiva, nonostante costituisca, tra gli elementi dell'architettura, quello che concentra in sé la maggiore complessità compositiva. Non a caso, diverse generazioni di architetti – e ingegneri – hanno mostrato una certa reticenza nell'affrontare il tema della finestra, complessità di cui erano ben consapevoli, tanto da ridurne l'impiego nel tentativo di evitarla. Questa reticenza è coerente con la natura stessa dell'elemento: la finestra introduce una discontinuità nella forma, e proprio per questo richiede un controllo compositivo consapevole. Complice anche l'evoluzione tecnologica dei sistemi costruttivi e del vetro, gran parte degli architetti contemporanei tende dunque a evitare di disegnare e di nominare la finestra nel proprio linguaggio architettonico. Eppure, ogni volta che un architetto della storia – specialmente del Novecento – ha voluto affermare una posizione teorica, è ricorso alla finestra: condensando in sé i problemi dell'architettura, essa ben si presta a divenire terreno di confronto ideologico, manifesto di una concezione dello spazio, sintesi visibile di un intero sistema compositivo. La storia della finestra coincide, in questo senso, con la storia dell'architettura; e la sua natura di interfaccia, di connessione tra uomo e mondo – reale e irreale –, le ha permesso di affermarsi come tema anche in altri ambiti artistici: in letteratura, da Petrarca a Rilke passando per Leopardi; in pittura, da Antonello da Messina a Matisse e Magritte. In queste diverse declinazioni ricorre inoltre la capacità della finestra di manifestarsi quale interprete del panorama culturale dell'uomo, rappresentazione del suo adattamento al paesaggio che abita e riflesso del suo sistema sociale e spirituale. Recuperare la finestra come tema critico significa dunque non tanto reagire polemicamente a questa “perdita”, quanto ricostruirne la storia e la grammatica compositiva. La ricerca nasce da questa constatazione e da una duplice convinzione: che la finestra meriti di essere posta al centro di un'indagine sistematica e rigorosa, e che studiarla non significhi occuparsi di un tema minore o accessorio, ma affrontare un problema fondamentale della disciplina. Studiare la finestra comporta necessariamente lo studio della questione architettonica nella sua interezza: la dialettica interno-esterno, la gestione della luce come materia prima dell'architettura, la relazione tra spazio e paesaggio, il senso dell'abitare. Si tratta di studiare il particolare che contiene in sé il generale. Assumere la finestra come punto di partenza per riflettere sullo spazio e sull'architettura significa considerare la maniera in cui l'architettura costruisce una relazione con il mondo esterno, e riconoscere che, oltre a possedere un proprio spazio, la finestra richiede anche le condizioni spaziali dalle quali essa stessa viene percepita. La lente attraverso cui questa ricerca osserva la finestra è di natura fenomenologico- compositiva: non si tratta di catalogarne le tipologie né di ripercorrerne la storia in senso strettamente cronologico, ma di indagare le interazioni visive, spaziali e simboliche che essa genera nella relazione tra interno ed esterno, tra l'uomo e il mondo che lo circonda. In questa prospettiva, la finestra si configura come cornice che seleziona e isola il paesaggio sul piano estetico, come luogo che ospita e trasforma l'esperienza dell'abitante, come soglia che regola il grado di interiorità ed esteriorità di uno spazio. Queste categorie non sono disposte in sequenza: convivono, si sovrappongono e talvolta si contraddicono, ed è in questa tensione che risiede la complessità compositiva dell'elemento. La tesi si articola in tre momenti logici progressivi, cui segue una conclusione apologetica: un percorso conoscitivo in cui ogni fase prepara logicamente la successiva. Il primo momento, Identificare, fissa le coordinate del problema, indagando la complessità funzionale della finestra e le sue radici etimologiche e paesaggistiche nelle diverse culture. Il secondo, Interpretare, costituisce il nucleo fenomenologico della ricerca e ne indaga le principali modalità compositive – la finestra come cornice, come luogo, come assenza –, verificate attraverso esempi progettuali dall'antichità alla contemporaneità. Il terzo, Comporre, sintetizza i risultati in principi compositivi verificati nella relazione tra finestre e spazio, sviluppati attorno alla finestra come episodio narrativo, al rapporto tra punto di vista e inquadratura e alla capacità di graduare il sentimento di interno e di esterno. La conclusione, affidata in primo luogo a un caso emblematico dell'architettura portoghese, verifica la validità delle categorie proposte senza contrapporre aprioristicamente i diversi linguaggi architettonici; l'apologia finale, difendendo la finestra dalla sua scomparsa o banalizzazione nella prassi contemporanea, chiude la ricerca mostrando la complessità che si cela dietro l'apparente semplicità di questo elemento. Completano la ricerca gli apparati di rito: la bibliografia, la sitografia e le interviste inedite ad architette e architetti internazionali, tra cui Cecilia Puga (Ferrara, 21 novembre 2024) ed Eduardo Souto de Moura (Porto, 23 gennaio 2026). I risultati della ricerca non mirano a produrre ricette progettuali né metodologie chiuse, ma a costruire un quadro interpretativo aperto, capace di orientare il pensiero critico senza irrigidirlo in sistemi precostituiti: un dispositivo critico che permetta di riconoscere, leggere e interpretare la finestra nella sua complessità compositiva, lasciando spazio alle declinazioni personali e alle invenzioni future. La finalità ultima di questa ricerca è restituire alla finestra la centralità compositiva che le appartiene, mostrando come tale elemento condensi i problemi essenziali dell'architettura: il modo in cui uno spazio si apre al mondo, il modo in cui la luce plasma un ambiente, il modo in cui l'uomo percepisce di trovarsi, allo stesso tempo, dentro e fuori rispetto al mondo reale o immaginario. La finestra non è mai soltanto un elemento della parete: è il punto in cui il costruire diventa abitare.
Apologia della finestra. Studio compositivo di un elemento di connessione / Fantino, L.. - (2026 Jul 28).
Apologia della finestra. Studio compositivo di un elemento di connessione
Lorenzo Fantino
Primo
2026-07-28
Abstract
Although the urban landscapes of the world are undeniably dotted with windows, in contemporary design practice this architectural element has progressively lost its compositional centrality, often reduced to choices dictated by minimum regulatory requirements, the energy performance of the frame, and the offerings of industrial manufacturers, or else to formal solutions lacking an explicit compositional foundation. In an age of undifferentiated transparency, the window – traditional or otherwise, the void in the wall, the mediation of the threshold between inside and outside – appears as a residual element of another architectural season, superseded in the name of lightness and constructive efficiency, despite constituting, among all architectural elements, the one that concentrates within itself the greatest compositional complexity. It is no coincidence that several generations of architects – and engineers – have shown a certain reticence in addressing the theme of the window, a complexity of which they were well aware, to the point of reducing its use in an attempt to avoid it altogether. This reticence is consistent with the very nature of the element: the window introduces a discontinuity in form, and for this very reason demands conscious compositional control. Aided also by the technological evolution of construction systems and glass, most contemporary architects therefore tend to avoid both designing and naming the window within their own architectural language. And yet, whenever an architect throughout history – particularly during the twentieth century – has sought to affirm a theoretical position, they have turned to the window: condensing within itself the problems of architecture, it lends itself readily to becoming a terrain of ideological confrontation, a manifesto of a conception of space, a visible synthesis of an entire compositional system. In this sense, the history of the window coincides with the history of architecture; and its nature as an interface, as a connection between man and world – real and unreal – has allowed it to establish itself as a theme in other artistic fields as well: in literature, from Petrarch to Rilke by way of Leopardi; in painting, from Antonello da Messina to Matisse and Magritte. In these various declinations, the window's capacity to manifest itself as an interpreter of man's cultural landscape recurs as well, a representation of his adaptation to the landscape he inhabits and a reflection of his social and spiritual system. Recovering the window as a critical theme thus means not so much reacting polemically to this "loss", as reconstructing its history and compositional grammar. This research originates from this observation and from a twofold conviction: that the window deserves to be placed at the centre of a systematic and rigorous investigation, and that studying it does not mean addressing a minor or accessory topic, but confronting a fundamental problem of the discipline. Studying the window necessarily entails studying the architectural question in its entirety: the dialectic between interior and exterior, the management of light as the primary matter of architecture, the relationship between space and landscape, the meaning of dwelling. It is a matter of studying the particular that contains the general within itself. Taking the window as a starting point for reflecting on space and architecture means considering the way in which architecture constructs a relationship with the external world, and recognising that, beyond possessing its own space, the window also requires the spatial conditions from which it is itself perceived. The lens through which this research observes the window is phenomenological- compositional in nature: the aim is not to catalogue its typologies nor to trace its history in a strictly chronological sense, but to investigate the visual, spatial and symbolic interactions it generates in the relationship between interior and exterior, between man and the world that surrounds him. From this perspective, the window presents itself as a frame that selects and isolates the landscape on an aesthetic level, as a place that hosts and transforms the inhabitant's experience, as a threshold that regulates the degree of interiority and exteriority of a space. These categories are not arranged in sequence: they coexist, overlap and at times contradict one another, and it is precisely in this tension that the compositional complexity of the element resides. The thesis is organised into three progressive logical stages, followed by an apologetic conclusion: a cognitive path in which each phase logically prepares the next. The first stage, Identifying, establishes the coordinates of the problem, investigating the functional complexity of the window and its etymological and landscape-related roots across different cultures. The second, Interpreting, constitutes the phenomenological core of the research and investigates its main compositional modes – the window as frame, as place, as absence –, verified through emblematic design examples from antiquity to the present day. The third, Composing, synthesises the results into compositional principles verified in the relationship between windows and space, developed around the window as narrative episode, the relationship between viewpoint and framing, and the capacity of the window to calibrate the sense of interiority and exteriority. The conclusion, entrusted first and foremost to an emblematic case from Portuguese architecture, verifies the validity of the categories proposed without a priori opposing the different architectural languages; the final apology, defending the window from its disappearance or trivialisation in contemporary practice, closes the research by revealing the complexity concealed behind the apparent simplicity of this element. The research is completed by the customary scholarly apparatus: the bibliography, the sitography and unpublished interviews with international architects, including Cecilia Puga (Ferrara, 21 November 2024) and Eduardo Souto de Moura (Porto, 23 January 2026). The results of the research do not aim to produce design recipes or closed methodologies, but to construct an open interpretive framework, capable of orienting critical thought without rigidifying it into pre-established systems: a critical device that allows the window to be recognised, read and interpreted in its compositional complexity, leaving room for personal interpretations and future inventions. The ultimate aim of this research is to restore to the window the compositional centrality that belongs to it, showing how this element condenses the essential problems of architecture: the way a space opens onto the world, the way light shapes an environment, the way man perceives himself as being, at the same time, inside and outside with respect to the real or imagined world. The window is never merely an element of the wall: it is the point at which building becomes dwelling.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


