Obese related effects of inflammatory markers and insulin resistance on increased carotid intima media thickness in pre-pubertal children

Obesity in children appears to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases later in life. Early development of insulin resistance and impaired oxidant-antioxidant status may lead to endothelial dysfunction and increased carotid intima media thickness (IMT) even in childhood. The aim of this study was to measure IMT and the relationship between IMT, insulin resistance and oxidant status in obese pre-pubertal children. In 53 obese pre-pubertal children (27M/26F, mean age 8+/-2 years), anthropometric measurements and inflammatory markers (hs-CRP and PGF-2 alpha), were evaluated compared with 41 healthy pre-pubertal subjects (21M/20F, mean age 7+/-2 years). OGTT was performed and insulin resistance (IR) indices (HOMA-IR, WBISI, G/I and QUICKI) were calculated in all patients. High-resolution ultrasound techniques were used to evaluate IMT. Obese children had higher levels of PGF-2 alpha and hs-CRP compared to healthy subjects (p=0.001 and p=0.005). Furthermore, fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR were higher in obese children than in controls (p=0.001 and p=0.001) while WBISI was significantly lower (p=0.002). In addition, obeses had an increased IMT (p=0.001). In obese children there was a significant correlation between IMT and indices of IR (HOMA-IR: beta=-1.233, p=0.002; WBISI: beta=-0.921, p=0.008; G/I: beta=-0.811, p=0.003) and between IMT and PGF-2 alpha (beta=0.505, p=0.004). After categorizing subjects according to tertiles of body mass index (BMI) (or=26.23 kg/m(2)) and to waist circumference (WC) (or=79.04 cm), no influence of BMI or WC on IMT were found in the three groups. In conclusion, early changes in glucose metabolism and an alteration of oxidant-antioxidant status may be present in obese pre-pubertal children; this could lead to increase IMT and early cardiovascular disease.