ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006-2007. Microvascular and macrovascular complications.

Visual impairment and blindness due to diabetic retinopathy. • Renal failure and hypertension due to diabetic nephropathy. • Pain, paresthesiae, muscle weakness, and autonomic dysfunction due to diabetic neuropathy. • Cardiac disease, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke due to macrovascular disease. Clinically evident diabetes‐related vascular complications should be rare in childhood and adolescence. However, early functional and structural abnormalities may be present a few years after the onset of the disease. There has been a declining incidence of complications reported in many areas with specialized clinics 1-3. This has occurred over a period of time during which there have been major changes in diabetes management, identification of putative risk factors, and the advent of regular screening for complications. There is no evidence that this is a worldwide occurrence: in areas where health care is not optimal, a greater risk of complications will remain.