Numerical modeling of site effects at San Giuliano di Puglia (Southern Italy) during the 2002 molise seismic sequence

The seismic sequence that occurred in October and November 2002 in the Molise region (Southern Italy) was characterized by two Mw=5.7 earthquakes within 24 h followed by one month long aftershocks series. The mainshocks caused substantial structural damage in the village of San Giuliano di Puglia. The damage distribution was highly non uniform. Heavy and widespread damage was observed to all buildings constructed in the recently developed part of the village, where subsoil conditions are characterized by a bowl-shaped basin filled with stiff clays, whereas in the historical center, built on an adjacent rock outcrop, many buildings showed no or light damage. Several accelerograms were recorded during the aftershocks sequence by a temporary network installed on two sites in the San Giuliano village, located on rock and soil, respectively. The geological, seismological, geotechnical, and structural relevant information of the earthquakes are presented in the first part of the paper. The second part of the paper investigates the possible role of site effects in the observed pattern of damage by one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) numerical site response analyses. First, the computed ground surface motions were compared to the aftershocks recordings. It was found that 1D analyses considerably underpredicted dynamic response while 2D modeling provided a better understanding of the amplification phenomena. Further, based on the calibration site response study performed with the aftershock records, the ground response simulation of October 31, 2002, mainshock was carried out. The results of 2D numerical analyses led to average ground surface motion characteristics consistent with the observed distribution of damage throughout the village.