Nanostructured Calcium-Incorporated Surface Compared to Machined and SLA Dental Implants-A Split-Mouth Randomized Case/Double-Control Histological Human Study

Background: Implant surface topography is a key element in achieving osseointegration. Nanostructured surfaces have shown promising results in accelerating and improving bone healing around dental implants. The main objective of the present clinical and histological study is to compare, at 4 and 6 weeks, (w) bone-to-implant contact in implants having either machined surface (MAC), sandblasted, large grit, acid-etched implant surface (SLA) medium roughness surface or a nanostructured calcium-incorporated surface (XPEED (R)). Methods: 35 mini-implants of 3.5 x 8.5 mm with three different surface treatments (XPEED (R) (n = 16)-SLA (n = 13)-MAC (n = 6), were placed in the posterior maxilla of 11 patients (6 females and 5 males) then, retrieved at either 4 or 6w in a randomized split-mouth study design. Results: The BIC rates measured at 4w and 6w respectively, were: 16.8% (+/- 5.0) and 29.0% (+/- 3.1) for MAC surface; 18.5% (+/- 2.3) and 33.7% (+/- 3.3) for SLA surface; 22.4% (+/- 1.3) and 38.6% (+/- 3.2) for XPEED (R) surface. In all types of investigated surfaces, the time factor appeared to significantly increase the bone to implant contact (BIC) rate (p < 0.05). XPEED (R) surface showed significantly higher BIC values when compared to both SLA and MAC values at 4w (p < 0.05). Also, at 6w, both roughened surfaces (SLA and XPEED (R)) showed significantly higher values (p < 0.05) than turned surface (MAC). Conclusions: Nanostructured Calcium titanate coating is able to enhance bone deposition around implants at early healing stages.