Graves' disease after COVID mRNA vaccination for the first time diagnosed in adolescence-case report. Cause and effect relationship or simple coincidence?

Objectives: Over the past 3 years, coronavirus disease 2019 with its worldwide spread has profoundly marked public health, therefore anti-COVID-19 vaccinations have been developed to prevent the dissemination of the disease. To date, 71 cases of Graves' disease (GD) after vaccination against SARS-Cov-2 were described in the adult population. Our goal is to present the first case in the paediatric population.Case Presentation: We present the first case of a 16-year-old adolescent girl who developed GD 6-7 weeks after the second dose anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Therapy with methimazole and propranolol was started, achieving normal thyroid function and negativity of thyroid autoantibodies at the time of therapy discontinuation after 8 months.Conclusions: This case shows that the development of GD after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination can occur also in the adolescent population. Nevertheless, the small number of cases of GD described so far, after many millions of vaccinations, makes it impossible to determine whether this is simple a coincidence or a cause. Further epidemiological data on the incidence of GD in the vaccination period compared to the previous period will be able to clearly define this question.