Sound symbolism in monolingual and bilingual speakers. How does bilingualism influence sound symbolism?

Sound symbolism refers to a non-arbitrary relationship between speech and non-speech sounds and theirmeaning. Weinvestigated whether bilingual individuals, due to their exposure to diverse linguistic systems, exhibit an advantage in this domain compared to monolinguals, orwhether this ability relies on universalmechanisms independent of linguistic background. Ninety-four bilingual (spoken languages: Italian and at least another language; age ranging from 22 to 66 years, M = 35.31, SE = 1.26) and 101 monolingual participants (all Italian speakers; age ranging from 22 to 64 years,M= 36.05, SE = 1.16)were presentedwith 120words fromfour unknown languages and asked to infer theirmeaning from three alternatives. Results confirmed the presence of sound symbolism, as overall performance was significantly higher than chance, but no significant differences emerged between monolinguals and bilinguals, suggesting that sound symbolism is an automatic cognitive mechanism, independent of prior linguistic experience.