An Autonomous LoRa-based Multi-Sensorial Wireless Sensor Network in an Active Seismic Mountain Area

In the last decade, the widespread hydrogeological instability has caused anomalies in several aspects of the natural earth life. Among them, the increase in landslides is an important concern for both the civil and scientific communities. In fact, the frequency of landslide events is progressively increasing, and with it, the demand for monitoring systems. Monitoring systems, on the other hand, can be implemented in a plethora of methods. In this regard, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are among the most innovative solutions, as they enable wireless landslide monitoring through the measurement of crucial parameters and their status assessment through long-range wireless technologies, such as the LoRa. This paper focuses on the implementation of a multi-sensorial WSN in the inhabited Macchia da Sole (TE), Italy, mountain locality, to monitor the main factors behind the landslide hazard, including the measurement of building cracks and underground water level. The main contribution of this paper is the level of autonomy achieved, as expressed by the average power consumption of 1.4 mW per node. Furthermore, the system integrates more types of sensors, and it is used in a zone with poor signal coverage.