TNF-α in Multiple Sclerosis: Integrated Analysis of miRNA–mRNA and Protein Expression

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease resulting from complex gene–environment interactions and characterized by immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Although TNF-α is known to contribute to MS pathogenesis, significant gaps in our understanding remain, hindering a precise definition of its roles in disease onset and progression. In this study, we explored the potential mechanisms regulating TNF-α expression and levels in both serum and saliva, adopting a comprehensive approach to clarify its contribution to MS pathophysiology.