This research begins with the observation that the poor quality of a substantial part of the contemporary built environment is also connected to a widespread lack of knowledge and sensitivity towards architectural space. Citizens inhabit and move through low-quality environments without possessing the tools required to recognise their characteristics and assess their effects. Demanding better space presupposes the development of spatial awareness. The study therefore asks how greater attention to urban and architectural space can be fostered among non-specialists and how the distance between expert knowledge and common knowledge may be reduced. Its central hypothesis is that spatial education does not coincide exclusively with the intentional transmission of notions, but is primarily constructed through bodily, sensory and often incidental experience. Space is learned by moving through it, measuring it with the body, touching it, pausing within it and playing. The concept of incidental learning, derived mainly from Colin Ward’s reflections, provides the principal theoretical framework. It describes a process of learning that does not originate from a predetermined educational programme, but emerges through everyday, spontaneous and unexpected experiences. In spatial terms, it involves perception, memory, movement and awareness of the body. The city can thus become an educational environment. The analysis of play in urban space constitutes the starting point of the research, based on the assumption that spatial awareness is formed in the first years of life through play and in largely unintentional ways. Through repeated movement, physical contact and bodily measurement, children establish their first relationships with space. Play enables them to appropriate places, interpret them, establish boundaries and rules, and transform what they find into a device for action. The first part of the thesis examines the relationship between play and the incidental experience of space. After defining the theoretical framework, it analyses two case studies: the playgrounds designed by Aldo van Eyck in Amsterdam between 1947 and 1978 and Francis Alÿs’s video series Children’s Games, begun in 1999. Van Eyck’s playgrounds are spaces intentionally designed for play, whereas Alÿs’s films record spontaneous actions taking place in ordinary, residual or apparently unsuitable spaces. On the one hand, there is the architect’s intention to create conditions capable of accommodating play; on the other, the children’s ability to read and transform space through gesture, rules and imagination. The study reconstructs van Eyck’s artistic and architectural formation and relates the playgrounds to key concepts in his thought: elementarism, the relationship between large and small, the threshold, the in-between realm and labyrinthian clarity. Five playgrounds are analysed through archival documents, photographs, field visits and observations of their present uses. Their educational value lies in their capacity to support actions, interpretations and appropriations that cannot be entirely predicted. The analysis of Children’s Games shifts the focus towards spaces not designed for play. Street markings, slopes, ropes, fences, debris and imaginary boundaries become tools for movement, rule-making and the invention of relationships. Play suspends ordinary uses and reveals the latent possibilities of space, becoming a bodily, social, cognitive and aesthetic practice. The second part of the thesis extends the investigation from incidental experience to intentional educational actions and forms of transmitting spatial knowledge. It examines the contribution of twentieth-century art to the reduction of the primacy of vision and to the growing attention paid to bodily, perceptual and tactile experience. Marinetti’s Tactilism, the Bauhaus preliminary courses of Johannes Itten and László Moholy-Nagy, Bruno Munari’s workshops, Dylaby, and the works of Robert Morris and Bruce Nauman place materials, movement, touch, balance and participation at the centre of experience. The body becomes both the measure and the instrument of knowledge. The thesis then analyses educational practices in which direct experience of the city, making and the transformation of space become learning tools. The work of Patrick Geddes, Colin Ward, Riccardo Dalisi and Global Tools questions the separation between school and life, education and the city. Direct observation, walking, manual work, play, self-building and collective action integrate or replace verbal transmission. Spatial education therefore emerges as a transdisciplinary field situated between architecture, art, pedagogy and social practices. The final chapter examines the communicative work of Bruno Zevi, Jaap Bakema and Yona Friedman. Through print, radio, television, drawings, manuals and simplified languages, these architects sought to make the qualities of modern space accessible and to democratise architectural knowledge. Their experiences demonstrate the pedagogical and political value of architectural communication, while also revealing the limits of a predominantly one-way transmission of knowledge. The research combines archival investigation, field visits and surveys, observation of use, interviews and work within an international academic context. Collections in the Netherlands, Italy and the United States provided access to manuscripts, photographs, drawings, films and television recordings. Visits to Amsterdam made it possible to observe the surviving playgrounds, their transformations and their current forms of use. Interviews with architects, historians, curators and people directly involved in the events under examination complemented written sources with memories, interpretations and personal experiences. An extensive iconographic apparatus, resulting from archival research and functioning as a primary source, supports the study. The visual atlas is an integral part of the research device: text and images are intended to be read comparatively through juxtapositions, analogies and resonances. The research shows that spatial awareness arises from the intersection of bodily experience, play, spatial quality, the everyday use of the city, the contribution of the arts and the mediation of architectural knowledge. It does not coincide with specialist technical competence, but with a form of attention, sensitivity and capacity for judgement. Through movement, touch and multisensory perception, the body constitutes the first instrument for understanding space; learning, however, also depends on the ability to interpret experience and recognise its qualities. Spatial education cannot therefore be entrusted to a single discipline or confined to places formally devoted to education. It can develop through direct experience, educational actions and communication tools. Streets, playgrounds, museums, media and the ordinary spaces of everyday life can all become learning environments. To educate people about space means enabling citizens to observe, interpret and judge the environment in which they live.
La ricerca prende avvio dalla constatazione che la scarsa qualità di una parte consistente del patrimonio edilizio e architettonico contemporaneo sia legata anche a una diffusa mancanza di conoscenza e sensibilità nei confronti dello spazio costruito. I cittadini abitano e attraversano spesso spazi privi di qualità senza possedere strumenti adeguati per riconoscerne i caratteri e valutarne gli effetti. Esigere uno spazio qualificato presuppone, infatti, una maturata consapevolezza spaziale. La tesi si interroga pertanto su come promuovere, anche tra i non addetti ai lavori, una maggiore attenzione verso lo spazio urbano e architettonico e su come ridurre la distanza tra sapere specialistico e sapere comune. L’ipotesi sostenuta è che l’educazione allo spazio non coincida esclusivamente con la trasmissione intenzionale di nozioni, ma si costruisca soprattutto attraverso l’esperienza corporea, sensoriale e spesso incidentale. Lo spazio si conosce attraversandolo, misurandolo con il corpo, toccandolo, sostando e giocando. Il concetto di apprendimento incidentale, derivato principalmente dalle riflessioni di Colin Ward, costituisce il riferimento teorico centrale della ricerca: un processo di apprendimento non determinato da un progetto didattico prestabilito, ma sviluppato attraverso esperienze quotidiane, spontanee e impreviste, che coinvolgono percezione, memoria, movimento e consapevolezza del corpo. In questa prospettiva, la città può divenire un ambiente educativo. L’analisi delle azioni ludiche nello spazio urbano costituisce il punto di partenza del lavoro, nella convinzione che la formazione dello sguardo e l’acquisizione delle prime consapevolezze spaziali avvengano durante l’infanzia, attraverso il gioco e in maniera prevalentemente non intenzionale. Mediante il movimento ripetuto, il contatto fisico e la misura corporea, il bambino impara ad appropriarsi dei luoghi, interpretarli, stabilire limiti e regole e trasformare ciò che trova in un dispositivo per l’azione. La prima parte della tesi indaga il rapporto tra gioco ed esperienza incidentale dello spazio attraverso il confronto tra due casi studio: i playgrounds progettati da Aldo van Eyck ad Amsterdam tra il 1947 e il 1978 e la serie video Children’s Games di Francis Alÿs, avviata nel 1999. I playgrounds sono spazi appositamente progettati per il gioco, mentre i film di Alÿs documentano azioni spontanee condotte in spazi ordinari, residuali o apparentemente inadatti. Da un lato, emerge la volontà dell’architetto di predisporre condizioni capaci di accogliere l’azione ludica; dall’altro, la capacità dei bambini di leggere e trasformare lo spazio attraverso il gesto, la regola e l’immaginazione. L’analisi dei playgrounds mette in relazione il progetto di van Eyck con alcuni nuclei centrali del suo pensiero, tra cui l’elementarismo, il rapporto tra grande e piccolo, la soglia, l’in-between realm e la labyrinthian clarity. Cinque casi sono studiati attraverso documenti d’archivio, fotografie, visite sul campo e osservazioni degli usi attuali. Il loro valore educativo risiede nella capacità di sostenere azioni, interpretazioni e appropriazioni non interamente prevedibili. L’analisi di Children’s Games sposta invece l’attenzione verso spazi non progettati per il gioco: segni stradali, pendenze, corde, recinti, detriti e limiti immaginari diventano strumenti per muoversi, costruire regole e inventare relazioni. Il gioco sospende gli usi ordinari e rivela possibilità latenti dello spazio, configurandosi come pratica corporea, sociale, conoscitiva ed estetica. La seconda parte della ricerca estende l’indagine dall’esperienza incidentale alle azioni educative intenzionali e alle forme di trasmissione del sapere spaziale. Il contributo delle ricerche artistiche del Novecento viene analizzato in relazione al progressivo superamento della preminenza del visivo e alla crescente attenzione per gli aspetti corporei, percettivi e tattili dell’esperienza. Il Tattilismo di Marinetti, il Vorkurs di Itten e Moholy-Nagy al Bauhaus, i laboratori di Bruno Munari, la mostra Dylaby e le ricerche di Robert Morris e Bruce Nauman pongono al centro materiali, movimento, tatto, equilibrio e partecipazione, facendo del corpo la misura e lo strumento della conoscenza. La tesi ricostruisce inoltre alcune esperienze educative nelle quali l’osservazione diretta della città, il fare e la trasformazione dello spazio diventano strumenti di apprendimento. Le attività di Patrick Geddes, Colin Ward, Riccardo Dalisi e del gruppo Global Tools mettono in discussione la separazione tra scuola e vita, educazione e città, integrando o sostituendo la trasmissione verbale con il cammino, il lavoro manuale, il gioco, l’autocostruzione e l’azione collettiva. L’educazione allo spazio emerge così come un campo transdisciplinare posto tra architettura, arte, pedagogia e pratiche sociali. Il lavoro esamina infine l’azione comunicativa e divulgativa di Bruno Zevi, Jaap Bakema e Yona Friedman, che attraverso la stampa, la radio, la televisione, il disegno, i manuali e l’impiego di linguaggi semplificati hanno cercato di rendere comprensibili le qualità dello spazio moderno e di democratizzare il sapere architettonico. Queste esperienze mostrano il valore pedagogico e politico della comunicazione architettonica, evidenziando al tempo stesso i limiti di una trasmissione prevalentemente unidirezionale. La ricerca combina indagine archivistica, visite e rilievi sul campo, osservazione degli usi, interviste e attività svolte in un contesto accademico internazionale. Sono stati consultati fondi e collezioni nei Paesi Bassi, in Italia e negli Stati Uniti, accedendo a manoscritti, fotografie, disegni, film e registrazioni televisive. Le visite ad Amsterdam hanno consentito di osservare i playgrounds ancora esistenti, le loro trasformazioni e le attuali modalità di fruizione. Le fonti scritte sono state integrate da interviste ad architetti, storici, curatori e figure direttamente coinvolte nelle vicende analizzate. Un ampio apparato iconografico e un atlante visivo costituiscono parte integrante del dispositivo di ricerca, affiancando al discorso lineare della scrittura una narrazione costruita attraverso accostamenti, analogie e risonanze. I risultati mostrano che la consapevolezza spaziale nasce dall’intreccio tra esperienza corporea, gioco, qualità dello spazio, uso quotidiano della città, contributo delle arti e mediazione del sapere architettonico. Essa non coincide con una competenza tecnica specialistica, ma con una forma di attenzione, sensibilità e capacità di giudizio. L’educazione allo spazio non può quindi essere affidata a un’unica disciplina né limitata ai luoghi formalmente deputati all’istruzione. La strada, i playgrounds, i musei, i media e gli spazi ordinari dell’abitare possono diventare ambienti di apprendimento. Educare allo spazio significa mettere il cittadino nella condizione di osservare, interpretare e giudicare l’ambiente nel quale vive.
Imparare lo Spazio. Playgrounds vs Children's Games Leaning Space. Playgrounds vs Children's Games / Gabriele, A.. - (2026 Jul 28).
Imparare lo Spazio. Playgrounds vs Children's Games Leaning Space. Playgrounds vs Children's Games
Alessandra Gabriele
2026-07-28
Abstract
This research begins with the observation that the poor quality of a substantial part of the contemporary built environment is also connected to a widespread lack of knowledge and sensitivity towards architectural space. Citizens inhabit and move through low-quality environments without possessing the tools required to recognise their characteristics and assess their effects. Demanding better space presupposes the development of spatial awareness. The study therefore asks how greater attention to urban and architectural space can be fostered among non-specialists and how the distance between expert knowledge and common knowledge may be reduced. Its central hypothesis is that spatial education does not coincide exclusively with the intentional transmission of notions, but is primarily constructed through bodily, sensory and often incidental experience. Space is learned by moving through it, measuring it with the body, touching it, pausing within it and playing. The concept of incidental learning, derived mainly from Colin Ward’s reflections, provides the principal theoretical framework. It describes a process of learning that does not originate from a predetermined educational programme, but emerges through everyday, spontaneous and unexpected experiences. In spatial terms, it involves perception, memory, movement and awareness of the body. The city can thus become an educational environment. The analysis of play in urban space constitutes the starting point of the research, based on the assumption that spatial awareness is formed in the first years of life through play and in largely unintentional ways. Through repeated movement, physical contact and bodily measurement, children establish their first relationships with space. Play enables them to appropriate places, interpret them, establish boundaries and rules, and transform what they find into a device for action. The first part of the thesis examines the relationship between play and the incidental experience of space. After defining the theoretical framework, it analyses two case studies: the playgrounds designed by Aldo van Eyck in Amsterdam between 1947 and 1978 and Francis Alÿs’s video series Children’s Games, begun in 1999. Van Eyck’s playgrounds are spaces intentionally designed for play, whereas Alÿs’s films record spontaneous actions taking place in ordinary, residual or apparently unsuitable spaces. On the one hand, there is the architect’s intention to create conditions capable of accommodating play; on the other, the children’s ability to read and transform space through gesture, rules and imagination. The study reconstructs van Eyck’s artistic and architectural formation and relates the playgrounds to key concepts in his thought: elementarism, the relationship between large and small, the threshold, the in-between realm and labyrinthian clarity. Five playgrounds are analysed through archival documents, photographs, field visits and observations of their present uses. Their educational value lies in their capacity to support actions, interpretations and appropriations that cannot be entirely predicted. The analysis of Children’s Games shifts the focus towards spaces not designed for play. Street markings, slopes, ropes, fences, debris and imaginary boundaries become tools for movement, rule-making and the invention of relationships. Play suspends ordinary uses and reveals the latent possibilities of space, becoming a bodily, social, cognitive and aesthetic practice. The second part of the thesis extends the investigation from incidental experience to intentional educational actions and forms of transmitting spatial knowledge. It examines the contribution of twentieth-century art to the reduction of the primacy of vision and to the growing attention paid to bodily, perceptual and tactile experience. Marinetti’s Tactilism, the Bauhaus preliminary courses of Johannes Itten and László Moholy-Nagy, Bruno Munari’s workshops, Dylaby, and the works of Robert Morris and Bruce Nauman place materials, movement, touch, balance and participation at the centre of experience. The body becomes both the measure and the instrument of knowledge. The thesis then analyses educational practices in which direct experience of the city, making and the transformation of space become learning tools. The work of Patrick Geddes, Colin Ward, Riccardo Dalisi and Global Tools questions the separation between school and life, education and the city. Direct observation, walking, manual work, play, self-building and collective action integrate or replace verbal transmission. Spatial education therefore emerges as a transdisciplinary field situated between architecture, art, pedagogy and social practices. The final chapter examines the communicative work of Bruno Zevi, Jaap Bakema and Yona Friedman. Through print, radio, television, drawings, manuals and simplified languages, these architects sought to make the qualities of modern space accessible and to democratise architectural knowledge. Their experiences demonstrate the pedagogical and political value of architectural communication, while also revealing the limits of a predominantly one-way transmission of knowledge. The research combines archival investigation, field visits and surveys, observation of use, interviews and work within an international academic context. Collections in the Netherlands, Italy and the United States provided access to manuscripts, photographs, drawings, films and television recordings. Visits to Amsterdam made it possible to observe the surviving playgrounds, their transformations and their current forms of use. Interviews with architects, historians, curators and people directly involved in the events under examination complemented written sources with memories, interpretations and personal experiences. An extensive iconographic apparatus, resulting from archival research and functioning as a primary source, supports the study. The visual atlas is an integral part of the research device: text and images are intended to be read comparatively through juxtapositions, analogies and resonances. The research shows that spatial awareness arises from the intersection of bodily experience, play, spatial quality, the everyday use of the city, the contribution of the arts and the mediation of architectural knowledge. It does not coincide with specialist technical competence, but with a form of attention, sensitivity and capacity for judgement. Through movement, touch and multisensory perception, the body constitutes the first instrument for understanding space; learning, however, also depends on the ability to interpret experience and recognise its qualities. Spatial education cannot therefore be entrusted to a single discipline or confined to places formally devoted to education. It can develop through direct experience, educational actions and communication tools. Streets, playgrounds, museums, media and the ordinary spaces of everyday life can all become learning environments. To educate people about space means enabling citizens to observe, interpret and judge the environment in which they live.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


